Medicinal plants contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal plants. In this experiment, the plant OILs were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer chromatography) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed OIL was higher than other medicinal plants, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

The object of this study is to extract the OIL from millets and evaluate the chemical properties of the extracted OIL. Commercial millet OIL was obtained by cold solvent EXTRACTION adopting soxhlet procedure. Quantitative and qualitative tests concerned with the non-saponifiable matter, fatty acid composition, phosphorus content representing total phospholipids, refractive index, peroxide, saponification, acid and iodine values were carried out on the extracted OIL. The extracted non-saponifiable matter was fractionated into a number of chemical classes of compounds on TLC plates. The major two fractions; sterols and tocopherols were separated and extracted with ether. Gama tocopherol and b-sitosterol were the predominant tocopherol and sterol present in the millet OIL. Prepared fatty acid methyl esters of the OIL sample showed that linoleic (64.8%), followed by oleic (24.2 %) and palmitic (6.1%) acids were the predominant fatty acids, in respective decreasing order. The OIL contains considerable quantities of tocopherols which act both as vitamin E and antioxidant. The OIL content of the seed depending on the types of EXTRACTION is low (4-7%) but due to its nature, being high in both linoleic acid and tocopherol, the purified OIL might be employed as an ingredients in food formulation.

Background and Aim: Although orthodontists have long recognized that the EXTRACTION (Ext) of premolars often is accompanied by changes in the soft tissue profile, investigations indicate that the soft tissue does not always respond favorably to hard-tissue retraction. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of treatment, with and without premolar Ext, on the lateral facial profiles of borderline patients with particular reference to the curvature of the upper and lower lips.Materials & Methods: Eighty-nine border line patients were included in this study. 41 patients were treated with a non-EXTRACTION (Non-Ext) protocol, 16 patients were treated with EXTRACTIONs of 5.5, 18 patients with 4.4 and 14 patients with 4.5. All pre-and posttreatment lateral cephalograms were traced and analysis by one examiner. To quantify the soft tissue effects of growth and treatment, the depths of the upper and lower lip curves were calculated in two ways relative to the PM reference line and anterior soft tissue reference line.Results: The changes in depth of upper and lower lip curves were statistically significant (P<0.001).The Non-Ext group showed an increase in depth of upper and lower lip curves, whereas the Ext group showed a decrease in depth of upper and lower lip curves. No significant differences were found between the various EXTRACTION sequences (5.5, 4.4, 4.5) for depth of the upper and lower lip curves changes.Conclusions: l) The upper and lower lip changes were significant; more retrusive in the Ext group and more protrusive in the Non-Ext group. 2) There were no significant post treatment differences in the depths of upper and lower lip curves between premolar EXTRACTION sequences.

Background & Aim: EXTRACTION of first premolars and their influence on the third molars' eruption and impaction has been of concern to dental profession. The aim of this study, was to determine the relation between the changes of third molar angulation and the first premolar EXTRACTION in orthodontic treatment.Materials and Methods: This analytical study was carried out on total 90 subjects selected from two orthodontic clinics. Forty five subjects (14 males and 31 females) 14.46±1.64 years old treated with EXTRACTION of four first premolars (EXTRACTION group) and the other 45 subjects (13 males, 32 females) 13.9±1.99 years old treated by nonEXTRACTION were studied. Lateral cephalometric and panoramic films were studied before and after treatment. Eight angles in panoramic, four angles and 4 linear variables on the lateral cephalometric films were measured. Age, gender, amount of crowding in both dental arches and treatment duration were matched in the two groups. Student t and chi square tests were used to analyze the data.Results: The upper eruption space and the lower eruption spaces were more in EXTRACTION group and the difference was significant (P=0.02, P=0.004, P<0.001). The changes of third molar angulation were not significant between the two groups. Eruption rate of the third molars in both arches were more in EXTRACTION group and the difference was significant (P<0.001).Conclusion: EXTRACTION of the first premolars did not influence the changes in the third molar angulation, while it affected the third molar eruption by space creation. It seems that EXTRACTION of the first premolars is not a way for secure eruption of the third molar.

Epoxidized vegetable OILs are promising candidates as raw material substitutes for industrial applications. The Chemical modification of epoxies appears to be a pathway towards achieving this goal of replacing raw materials with industrial products. In this study, OIL was extracted from cottonseed using a Soxhlet extractor, yielding 35% cottonseed OIL. The results obtained in the cottonseed OIL characterization were determined as follows: an iodine value of 114.7gI2/100g, acid value of 0.66mgKOH/g, saponification value of 191.2mgKOH/g, specific gravity of 0.923g, peroxide value of 10.42mEq/kg, pH 4.1. The OIL was epoxidized using 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide as the oxygen donor and glacial acetic acid as the oxygen carrier in the presence of sulphuric acid as catalyst. The fresh OIL and the products of the epoxidation reaction were characterized using FTIR analysis, the results of which indicated the disappearance of the carbon-carbon double bond peak at 1655 cm-1 and the appearance of the epoxide peak at 785 cm-1. The analysis also showed the strength of the synthetic epoxy, cotton epoxy cured in 21 minutes versus commercial epoxy cured in 8 minutes. Vegetable OILs that have undergone epoxidation are interesting alternatives to replace raw materials in industrial applications. Epoxies can potentially be chemically altered in order to replace raw materials with industrial goods. The following conclusions were drawn from the cottonseed OIL characterisation results: the specific gravity is 0.923g, peroxide content is 10.42mEq/kg, pH is 4.1, iodine value is 114.7gI2/100g, acid value is 0.66mgKOH/g, and saponification value is 191.2mgKOH/g. FTIR analysis was employed to characterize the fresh OIL and the epoxidation reaction's products.

The supercritical carbon dioxide is applied in many separation processes as solvent. Due to this applicability of carbon dioxide, in this study, it is applied to OIL refinery. In order to find the maximum efficiency, the experiment was conducted in the ranges of 150-210 bar of pressure, and 35-65oC of temperature. Based on this study, the changes in pressure show strong effect on the efficiency, and when it increases the efficiency increases, too. Despite of the pressure, when the temperature increases at a constant pressure, the density of supercritical carbon dioxide decreases. As a results, its solubility in decreases and the OIL viscosity and mass transfer rate from OIL increases. According to the results, the optimized operational condition to get the highest efficiency is investigated as 21 Obar of pressure and 45oC of temperature.